One of the conceptual shifts that the study of Alzheimer's disease has seen in the past few years is the realization that the long-studied insoluble Aß (1-42) amyloid fibrils may not be the real culprits in the disease. Instead the dubious distinction may belong to
soluble Aß oligomers whose morphology differs from that of mature fibrils. Thus instead of focusing on one kind of Aß species, researchers are focusing on a broad range of oligomers and fully formed fibrils that differ in their architecture. Some differences between these species are clear; for instance the oligomers seem to permeate the plasma membrane in cells much better than the fibrils. The factors that dictate the exact morphology of these species sometimes might be subtle (such as pH shifts), and I myself have worked a little on such subtle changes leading to drastically different morphologies (see
here for instance).
However, a study of different amyloid morphologies will greatly benefit from probes that allow us to
selectively target and isolate certain amyloid architectures. The principal method of doing this until now has been to raise species-specific antibodies that target either oligomers or fully formed fibrils. In this regard small molecules have not been very promising as they tend to indiscriminately bind to all amyloid species; for instance
Congo Red which is the archetypal amyloid labeling dye does not discriminate between different amyloid species.
Now a group at the University of Michigan has
discovered some very simple probes that seem to target only spherical oligomers and not fibrils. The probes consist of tryptophan and some rather simple and well known biological molecules containing tryptophan which exhibit fluorescence when bound to proteins, and especially hydrophobic regions of proteins. The team started by screening about 70 simple organic molecules that exhibit fluorescence. Most of these molecules did fluoresce, but when bound to both forms of amyloid, thus precluding discrimination between the two species. Some did not fluoresce at all. But about 10 of them showed differential fluorescent quenching; the fluorescence was quenched much more when bound to oligomers compared to fibrils, thus allowing their selective labeling and visualization. Antibody labeling and radiography confirmed that it was indeed the oligomers that were getting labeled.
Intriguingly these probes consist of tryptophan itself as well as some very simple
naturally occurring molecules containing the Trp moiety, such as melatonin, tryptamine and serotonin. In my mind this raises a very interesting possibility; could these molecules also be interacting selectively with amyloid and somehow modulating its behavior
inside living systems?
In any case, what is even more valuable is that the probe seems to selectively label the oligomers in the presence of the fibrils and this can be determined from fluorescence studies. This opens up some potentially very interesting applications; for instance if there was any way at all to use such probes in vivo, we could gain extremely valuable knowledge on the ratios of oligomers to fully formed fibrils. Recalling that amyloid is astonishingly a deformed version of a
naturally occurring protein, insights gained from such studies could be critical in shedding light on the natural and unnatural roles of amyloid in living systems.
Reinke, A., Seh, H., & Gestwicki, J. (2009). A chemical screening approach reveals that indole fluorescence is quenched by pre-fibrillar but not fibrillar amyloid-β Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 19 (17), 4952-4957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.082
Thinking about the various abnormal structures seen first at the light microscopic level in various neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease) has gone a glacially slow but steady improvement. From '62 to roughly '90 the abnormal structures were thought to be causative of the disease associated with them. Gradually two other possibilities became apparent (1) the abnormal structures were the last gasp of a dying cell -- e.g. essentially a tombstone (2) they were the failed attempt of the cell to protect itself -- e.g. a pile of spent bullets.
ReplyDeleteThis occurred with the senile plaque of Alzheimer's disease (made for the most part from the Abeta peptide), because attempts to show that aggregated Abeta was toxic to neurons succeeded in some cases and failed in others. It is good to see that people are investigating soluble oligomers of Abeta as causative.
The best evidence for the spent bullets hypothesis lies a bit to far afield to discuss here -- alpha synuclein and the Lewy body of Parkinsonism. My blog should be up shortly (promises, promises). I plan to do so there.
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Your spent bullet hypothesis is very intriguing, not in the least because to me it also appears consistent with the "defense against infection" hypothesis that I advanced in an earlier post. So in this hypothesis, what is your best guess for the reason against which the cell protects itself in the first place?
ReplyDeleteAs for your blog, you know that you have promises to keep. And miles to go before you sleep...
I have this question: Abeta is generated intracellularly as a result of proteolytic cleavage beta and gamma secretases. So how do these intracellular fragments get transported to extracellular matrix where in they oligomerize, aggregate etc?
ReplyDeleteOK, OK the blog is up. Here's the link
ReplyDeletehttp://luysii.wordpress.com
Today's post is more medical than chemical, but it exemplifies the jaundiced look only scientific training can give to a popular health model.
Put it on your blogroll should you feel inclined
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Excellent! The first few posts look interesting and you can be assured I will have my ears tuned.
ReplyDeleteP.S. No pressure to post by the way. As you know, the loyal readers stay loyal.
Moody: Good question, and I honest don't know, although if I am not wrong some protein transporters do have been implicated.
I am sorry, my question was not valid at all. Referring back to some AD reviews, normal generation of Abeta occurs extracellularly only. Cleavage by beta-secratase is clearly from the extracelluar space, while the susequent gamma-secratase clip occurs at the transmembrane region - thus releasing Abeta. My bad. However, there seems to be an intracelluar orign of Abeta, which is gaining some interest in AD. Recently, a reader alluded to this in a discussion at
ReplyDeleteanother blog.